Number Pattern Formula - How to Derive it? | O-level Guide 2024 (2024)

Number Pattern Definitions

Consider the following whole numbers:

The above set of numbers 2, 7, 12, 17, 22, … forms a number sequence.

The numbers in the number sequence are called terms of the sequence. The 1^st, 2^nd, 3^rd, 4^th and 5^th terms are 2, 7, 12, 17, and 22 respectively. We use T₁ to represent the 1st term, T₂ to represent the 2^nd term, T₃ to represent the 3^rd term and so on.

The numbers in the number sequence are guided by a specific rule: begin with 2, then add 5 to the current term to obtain the next term.

The general term of the above number sequence, T_n , is represented by the algebraic expression 5n −3, where n is the ordinal numerical value of the term. For instance, to obtain the 100^th term in the number sequence above, we let n = 100, then T₁₀₀ = 5(100) − 3 = 497.

Hence the general term, T_n = 5 − 3, is a number pattern formula to enable us to accurately predict any term in the sequence without having to list out all the previous terms (1^st to 99^th).

Obtaining the Number Pattern Formula

To obtain the number pattern formula of a number sequence, you need to apply some key skills below:

1. Identifying patterns: This is the most crucial skill. You need to observe and analyze the sequence to identify the underlying pattern that governs the change from one term to the next. This can involve looking for constant differences, ratios, or other recurring features.

2. Understanding different types of sequences: Familiarity with various types of sequences, such as arithmetic, geometric, quadratic, and Fibonacci, is essential. Each type has its specific pattern and formula for generating the terms.

3. Applying mathematical concepts: You need to apply mathematical concepts like arithmetic operations, powers of numbers, and even algebra to express the pattern in a mathematical form.

4. Inductive reasoning: You need to generalise the observed patterns to form a rule that applies to all terms in the sequence, including those not explicitly given.

5. Translating patterns into formulas: Once you have identified the pattern and rule, you need to translate it into a concise and accurate formula using mathematical notation.

6. Checking and verifying: It’s crucial to verify your formula by testing it on several terms in the sequence and ensuring it accurately predicts the values.

The above steps can be demonstrated in the given number sequence:

2, 7, 12, 17, 22, …

Number Pattern Formula of Different Sequences

Arithmetic Sequences

An arithmetic sequence (also known as a linear sequence) is a sequence of numbers where the difference between any two consecutive terms is constant. This constant difference, d, is called the common difference.

Number Pattern Formula for Arithmetic Sequences: T_n = a + (n – 1)d

where n is the ordinal numerical value of the term, a is the first term and d is the common difference between any two consecutive terms.

Examples:

• 1, 4, 7, 10, 13, 16, … (a = 1, d = 3)
• 20, 15, 10, 5, 0, −5, … (a = 20, d = −5)

Applications to real life:

• Finance: calculating loan payments with constant interest rate
• Statistics: analysing data trends and forecasting future values

Arithmetic Sequences Example

A certain number sequence is given as:

3, 7, 11, 15, …

(a) Write down the next two terms of the sequence.

(b) Write down an expression ,in terms of n, for the n^th term of the sequence.

(c) Hence

(i) find the 45th term of the number sequence.

(ii) determine if 400 is in the number sequence.

Solution:

(a) 19, 23

(b) T_n = 3 + (n − 1)(4)
= 4n − 1

(c)(i) T₄₅ = 4(45) − 1 = 179

(ii) Assume 400 is in the number sequence. Then T_n = 400 for a positive integer n.

4n − 1 = 400

4n = 399

n = 99.75 (not a positive integer)

Since n is not a positive integer for Tn = 400, 400 is not in the number sequence.

Geometric Sequences

A geometric sequence is a sequence of numbers where each term is obtained by multiplying the previous term by a constant value. This constant value is called the common ratio, r.

Number Pattern Formula for Geometric Sequence: T_n = ar^n–1,

where n is the ordinal numerical value of the term, a is the first term and r is the common ratio between any two consecutive terms.

Examples:

• 2, 6, 18, 54, 162, 486, … (a = 2, r = 3)
• 1000, 100, 10, 1, 0.1, 0.01, … (a = 1000, r = 0.1)
• 3, −6, 12, −24, 48, −96, … (a = 3, r = −2)

Applications to real life:

• Finance: analysing compound interest rates, inflation etc
• Biology: understanding rate of cell division, rate of disease transmission etc
• Physics: modelling the decay of a radioactive substance

Geometric Sequences Example

A certain number sequence is given as:

4, 20, 100, 500, …

(a) Write down the next two terms of the sequence.

(b) Write down an expression ,in terms of n, for the n^th term of the sequence.

(c) Hence

(i) find the 20th term of the number sequence, giving your answer in standard form.

(ii) explain why the difference between any two consecutive terms is always exactly divisible by 2.

Solution:

(a) 2 500, 12 500

(b) T_n = 4(5)^{n – 1}

(c)(i) T₂₀ = 4(5)²⁰⁻¹ = 7.63 × 10¹³

(ii) T_n+1 − T_n = 4(5)ⁿ⁺¹ − 4(5)ⁿ

= 4(5 ⁿ⁺¹ − 5ⁿ)

= (2)(2)(5ⁿ⁺¹ − 5ⁿ)

Since the difference between any two consecutive terms is a multiple of 2, the difference is always exactly divisibly by 2.

Harmonic Sequences

A harmonic sequence is a sequence of numbers where each term is the reciprocal of the corresponding term in an arithmetic sequence. In simple terms, it’s a sequence of reciprocals of an arithmetic sequence.

Number Pattern Formula for Harmonic Sequences: Tn =1/ (a+(n−1)d),

where n is the ordinal numerical value of the term, a is the denominator of the first term, and d is the common difference between the denominators of any two consecutive terms.

Examples:

• Arithmetic sequence: 1, 4, 7, 10, 13, 16, …

Harmonic sequence: 1, 1/4, 1/7, 1/10, 1/13, 1/16, … (a = 1, d = 3)

• Arithmetic sequence: 1, 3/2, 2, 5/2, 3, 7/2, 4, …

Harmonic sequence: 1, 2/3, 1/2, 2/5, 1/3, 2/7, 1/4, … (a = 1, d =1/2)

Applications to real life:

• Physics: modeling the motion of a falling object
• Probability Theory: calculating the probability of certain events occurring in a series of trials

Square Numbers

A square number is a positive integer obtained by squaring an integer. In simpler terms, it’s the product of a number multiplied by itself.

For example, the sequence 1, 4, 9, 16, 25,… is a sequence of square numbers.

Number Pattern Formula for Square Numbers: T_n = n²,

where n is the ordinal numerical value of the term.

• A sequence of square number can be geometrically represented as follows:

• A sequence of square numbers can also be geometrically represented as triangular stacks as follows:

As a result, we can also rewrite each square number as a sum of the number of objects in
each row:

T₁ =1
T₂= 1+ 3 = 4
T₃ = 1+ 3+ 5 = 9
T₄ = 1 +3 + 5 + 7 = 16

Applications to real life:

• Geometry: Determining areas and volumes squares, rectangles and other other geometric shapes.
• Cryptography: Used in encryption algorithms for secure communication.

Sequence of Triangular Numbers

A triangular number is a positive integer that represents the number of objects arranged in an equilateral or right-angled isosceles triangle.

Each additional row adds one more object than the previous row, creating a triangular shape, like the examples shown below.

Hence, the sequence 1, 3, 6, 10, 15, 21,… is a sequence of triangular numbers. We can also rewrite each triangular number as a sum of the number of objects that form the triangle:

T1 = 1
T2 = 1 + 2 = 3
T3 = 1 + 2 + 3 = 6
T4 = 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 = 10
T5 = 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 = 15
T6 =1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + 6 = 21

Number Pattern Formula for Triangular Numbers: Tn =n(n + 1)/2,

where n is the ordinal numerical value of the term.

Applications to real life:

Geometry: calculating areas and volumes of certain shapes.

• Combinatorics: counting the number of ways to choose k objects from a set of n objects.

Fibonacci Sequence

The Fibonacci sequence is a sequence of numbers where each number is the sum of the two preceding ones. Starting with 0 and 1, the sequence continues:

0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89, …

Number Pattern Formula for Fibonacci Sequence: Tn = T_{n –1} + T_{n – 2,}

where n is the ordinal numerical value of the term.

Unique Properties:

• The sequence grows rapidly, with each number being significantly larger than the previous one.
• The ratio of consecutive Fibonacci numbers approaches the golden ratio, φ (approximately 1.618) as the sequence progresses.
• Squares with side lengths of consecutive Fibonacci numbers: Draw squares with side lengths of consecutive Fibonacci numbers (1, 1, 2, 3, 5, etc.) and connect their opposite corners with quarter-circle arcs. As you continue this process, the arcs will form a beautiful spiral shape. This pattern can be continued indefinitely.

Applications to real life:

• Art and design: The golden ratio and Fibonacci sequence are used in various artistic and design forms to create aesthetically pleasing compositions.
• Nature and biology: In the natural world, the Fibonacci sequence repeats itself: in the way flower petals are attached to a stalk, branches grow from a tree, bracts are arranged on a pine cone and leaves are arranged on a stem. Hence it is said to be considered to be lucky to be able to find a 4-leaf clover.